"""
A place for internal code
Some things are more easily handled Python.
"""
from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
import re
import sys
import platform
from numpy.compat import unicode
from .multiarray import dtype, array, ndarray
try:
import ctypes
except ImportError:
ctypes = None
IS_PYPY = platform.python_implementation() == 'PyPy'
if (sys.byteorder == 'little'):
_nbo = b'<'
else:
_nbo = b'>'
def _makenames_list(adict, align):
allfields = []
fnames = list(adict.keys())
for fname in fnames:
obj = adict[fname]
n = len(obj)
if not isinstance(obj, tuple) or n not in [2, 3]:
raise ValueError("entry not a 2- or 3- tuple")
if (n > 2) and (obj[2] == fname):
continue
num = int(obj[1])
if (num < 0):
raise ValueError("invalid offset.")
format = dtype(obj[0], align=align)
if (n > 2):
title = obj[2]
else:
title = None
allfields.append((fname, format, num, title))
# sort by offsets
allfields.sort(key=lambda x: x[2])
names = [x[0] for x in allfields]
formats = [x[1] for x in allfields]
offsets = [x[2] for x in allfields]
titles = [x[3] for x in allfields]
return names, formats, offsets, titles
# Called in PyArray_DescrConverter function when
# a dictionary without "names" and "formats"
# fields is used as a data-type descriptor.
def _usefields(adict, align):
try:
names = adict[-1]
except KeyError:
names = None
if names is None:
names, formats, offsets, titles = _makenames_list(adict, align)
else:
formats = []
offsets = []
titles = []
for name in names:
res = adict[name]
formats.append(res[0])
offsets.append(res[1])
if (len(res) > 2):
titles.append(res[2])
else:
titles.append(None)
return dtype({"names": names,
"formats": formats,
"offsets": offsets,
"titles": titles}, align)
# construct an array_protocol descriptor list
# from the fields attribute of a descriptor
# This calls itself recursively but should eventually hit
# a descriptor that has no fields and then return
# a simple typestring
def _array_descr(descriptor):
fields = descriptor.fields
if fields is None:
subdtype = descriptor.subdtype
if subdtype is None:
if descriptor.metadata is None:
return descriptor.str
else:
new = descriptor.metadata.copy()
if new:
return (descriptor.str, new)
else:
return descriptor.str
else:
return (_array_descr(subdtype[0]), subdtype[1])
names = descriptor.names
ordered_fields = [fields[x] + (x,) for x in names]
result = []
offset = 0
for field in ordered_fields:
if field[1] > offset:
num = field[1] - offset
result.append(('', '|V%d' % num))
offset += num
elif field[1] < offset:
raise ValueError(
"dtype.descr is not defined for types with overlapping or "
"out-of-order fields")
if len(field) > 3:
name = (field[2], field[3])
else:
name = field[2]
if field[0].subdtype:
tup = (name, _array_descr(field[0].subdtype[0]),
field[0].subdtype[1])
else:
tup = (name, _array_descr(field[0]))
offset += field[0].itemsize
result.append(tup)
if descriptor.itemsize > offset:
num = descriptor.itemsize - offset
result.append(('', '|V%d' % num))
return result
# Build a new array from the information in a pickle.
# Note that the name numpy.core._internal._reconstruct is embedded in
# pickles of ndarrays made with NumPy before release 1.0
# so don't remove the name here, or you'll
# break backward compatibility.
def _reconstruct(subtype, shape, dtype):
return ndarray.__new__(subtype, shape, dtype)
# format_re was originally from numarray by J. Todd Miller
format_re = re.compile(br'(?P<order1>[<>|=]?)'
br'(?P<repeats> *[(]?[ ,0-9]*[)]? *)'
br'(?P<order2>[<>|=]?)'
br'(?P<dtype>[A-Za-z0-9.?]*(?:\[[a-zA-Z0-9,.]+\])?)')
sep_re = re.compile(br'\s*,\s*')
space_re = re.compile(br'\s+$')
# astr is a string (perhaps comma separated)
_convorder = {b'=': _nbo}
def _commastring(astr):
startindex = 0
result = []
while startindex < len(astr):
mo = format_re.match(astr, pos=startindex)
try:
(order1, repeats, order2, dtype) = mo.groups()
except (TypeError, AttributeError):
raise ValueError('format number %d of "%s" is not recognized' %
(len(result)+1, astr))
startindex = mo.end()
# Separator or ending padding
if startindex < len(astr):
if space_re.match(astr, pos=startindex):
startindex = len(astr)
else:
mo = sep_re.match(astr, pos=startindex)
if not mo:
raise ValueError(
'format number %d of "%s" is not recognized' %
(len(result)+1, astr))
startindex = mo.end()
if order2 == b'':
order = order1
elif order1 == b'':
order = order2
else:
order1 = _convorder.get(order1, order1)
order2 = _convorder.get(order2, order2)
if (order1 != order2):
raise ValueError(
'inconsistent byte-order specification %s and %s' %
(order1, order2))
order = order1
if order in [b'|', b'=', _nbo]:
order = b''
dtype = order + dtype
if (repeats == b''):
newitem = dtype
else:
newitem = (dtype, eval(repeats))
result.append(newitem)
return result
class dummy_ctype(object):
def __init__(self, cls):
self._cls = cls
def __mul__(self, other):
return self
def __call__(self, *other):
return self._cls(other)
def __eq__(self, other):
return self._cls == other._cls
def __ne__(self, other):
return self._cls != other._cls
def _getintp_ctype():
val = _getintp_ctype.cache
if val is not None:
return val
if ctypes is None:
import numpy as np
val = dummy_ctype(np.intp)
else:
char = dtype('p').char
if (char == 'i'):
val = ctypes.c_int
elif char == 'l':
val = ctypes.c_long
elif char == 'q':
val = ctypes.c_longlong
else:
val = ctypes.c_long
_getintp_ctype.cache = val
return val
_getintp_ctype.cache = None
# Used for .ctypes attribute of ndarray
class _missing_ctypes(object):
def cast(self, num, obj):
return num.value
class c_void_p(object):
def __init__(self, ptr):
self.value = ptr
class _unsafe_first_element_pointer(object):
"""
Helper to allow viewing an array as a ctypes pointer to the first element
This avoids:
* dealing with strides
* `.view` rejecting object-containing arrays
* `memoryview` not supporting overlapping fields
"""
def __init__(self, arr):
self.base = arr
@property
def __array_interface__(self):
i = dict(
shape=(),
typestr='|V0',
data=(self.base.__array_interface__['data'][0], False),
strides=(),
version=3,
)
return i
def _get_void_ptr(arr):
"""
Get a `ctypes.c_void_p` to arr.data, that keeps a reference to the array
"""
import numpy as np
# convert to a 0d array that has a data pointer referrign to the start
# of arr. This holds a reference to arr.
simple_arr = np.asarray(_unsafe_first_element_pointer(arr))
# create a `char[0]` using the same memory.
c_arr = (ctypes.c_char * 0).from_buffer(simple_arr)
# finally cast to void*
return ctypes.cast(ctypes.pointer(c_arr), ctypes.c_void_p)
class _ctypes(object):
def __init__(self, array, ptr=None):
self._arr = array
if ctypes:
self._ctypes = ctypes
# get a void pointer to the buffer, which keeps the array alive
self._data = _get_void_ptr(array)
assert self._data.value == ptr
else:
# fake a pointer-like object that holds onto the reference
self._ctypes = _missing_ctypes()
self._data = self._ctypes.c_void_p(ptr)
self._data._objects = array
if self._arr.ndim == 0:
self._zerod = True
else:
self._zerod = False
[docs] def data_as(self, obj):
"""
Return the data pointer cast to a particular c-types object.
For example, calling ``self._as_parameter_`` is equivalent to
``self.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p)``. Perhaps you want to use the data as a
pointer to a ctypes array of floating-point data:
``self.data_as(ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_double))``.
The returned pointer will keep a reference to the array.
"""
return self._ctypes.cast(self._data, obj)
[docs] def shape_as(self, obj):
"""
Return the shape tuple as an array of some other c-types
type. For example: ``self.shape_as(ctypes.c_short)``.
"""
if self._zerod:
return None
return (obj*self._arr.ndim)(*self._arr.shape)
[docs] def strides_as(self, obj):
"""
Return the strides tuple as an array of some other
c-types type. For example: ``self.strides_as(ctypes.c_longlong)``.
"""
if self._zerod:
return None
return (obj*self._arr.ndim)(*self._arr.strides)
@property
def data(self):
"""
A pointer to the memory area of the array as a Python integer.
This memory area may contain data that is not aligned, or not in correct
byte-order. The memory area may not even be writeable. The array
flags and data-type of this array should be respected when passing this
attribute to arbitrary C-code to avoid trouble that can include Python
crashing. User Beware! The value of this attribute is exactly the same
as ``self._array_interface_['data'][0]``.
Note that unlike `data_as`, a reference will not be kept to the array:
code like ``ctypes.c_void_p((a + b).ctypes.data)`` will result in a
pointer to a deallocated array, and should be spelt
``(a + b).ctypes.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p)``
"""
return self._data.value
@property
def shape(self):
"""
(c_intp*self.ndim): A ctypes array of length self.ndim where
the basetype is the C-integer corresponding to ``dtype('p')`` on this
platform. This base-type could be `ctypes.c_int`, `ctypes.c_long`, or
`ctypes.c_longlong` depending on the platform.
The c_intp type is defined accordingly in `numpy.ctypeslib`.
The ctypes array contains the shape of the underlying array.
"""
return self.shape_as(_getintp_ctype())
@property
def strides(self):
"""
(c_intp*self.ndim): A ctypes array of length self.ndim where
the basetype is the same as for the shape attribute. This ctypes array
contains the strides information from the underlying array. This strides
information is important for showing how many bytes must be jumped to
get to the next element in the array.
"""
return self.strides_as(_getintp_ctype())
@property
def _as_parameter_(self):
"""
Overrides the ctypes semi-magic method
Enables `c_func(some_array.ctypes)`
"""
return self._data
# kept for compatibility
get_data = data.fget
get_shape = shape.fget
get_strides = strides.fget
get_as_parameter = _as_parameter_.fget
def _newnames(datatype, order):
"""
Given a datatype and an order object, return a new names tuple, with the
order indicated
"""
oldnames = datatype.names
nameslist = list(oldnames)
if isinstance(order, (str, unicode)):
order = [order]
seen = set()
if isinstance(order, (list, tuple)):
for name in order:
try:
nameslist.remove(name)
except ValueError:
if name in seen:
raise ValueError("duplicate field name: %s" % (name,))
else:
raise ValueError("unknown field name: %s" % (name,))
seen.add(name)
return tuple(list(order) + nameslist)
raise ValueError("unsupported order value: %s" % (order,))
def _copy_fields(ary):
"""Return copy of structured array with padding between fields removed.
Parameters
----------
ary : ndarray
Structured array from which to remove padding bytes
Returns
-------
ary_copy : ndarray
Copy of ary with padding bytes removed
"""
dt = ary.dtype
copy_dtype = {'names': dt.names,
'formats': [dt.fields[name][0] for name in dt.names]}
return array(ary, dtype=copy_dtype, copy=True)
def _getfield_is_safe(oldtype, newtype, offset):
""" Checks safety of getfield for object arrays.
As in _view_is_safe, we need to check that memory containing objects is not
reinterpreted as a non-object datatype and vice versa.
Parameters
----------
oldtype : data-type
Data type of the original ndarray.
newtype : data-type
Data type of the field being accessed by ndarray.getfield
offset : int
Offset of the field being accessed by ndarray.getfield
Raises
------
TypeError
If the field access is invalid
"""
if newtype.hasobject or oldtype.hasobject:
if offset == 0 and newtype == oldtype:
return
if oldtype.names is not None:
for name in oldtype.names:
if (oldtype.fields[name][1] == offset and
oldtype.fields[name][0] == newtype):
return
raise TypeError("Cannot get/set field of an object array")
return
def _view_is_safe(oldtype, newtype):
""" Checks safety of a view involving object arrays, for example when
doing::
np.zeros(10, dtype=oldtype).view(newtype)
Parameters
----------
oldtype : data-type
Data type of original ndarray
newtype : data-type
Data type of the view
Raises
------
TypeError
If the new type is incompatible with the old type.
"""
# if the types are equivalent, there is no problem.
# for example: dtype((np.record, 'i4,i4')) == dtype((np.void, 'i4,i4'))
if oldtype == newtype:
return
if newtype.hasobject or oldtype.hasobject:
raise TypeError("Cannot change data-type for object array.")
return
# Given a string containing a PEP 3118 format specifier,
# construct a NumPy dtype
_pep3118_native_map = {
'?': '?',
'c': 'S1',
'b': 'b',
'B': 'B',
'h': 'h',
'H': 'H',
'i': 'i',
'I': 'I',
'l': 'l',
'L': 'L',
'q': 'q',
'Q': 'Q',
'e': 'e',
'f': 'f',
'd': 'd',
'g': 'g',
'Zf': 'F',
'Zd': 'D',
'Zg': 'G',
's': 'S',
'w': 'U',
'O': 'O',
'x': 'V', # padding
}
_pep3118_native_typechars = ''.join(_pep3118_native_map.keys())
_pep3118_standard_map = {
'?': '?',
'c': 'S1',
'b': 'b',
'B': 'B',
'h': 'i2',
'H': 'u2',
'i': 'i4',
'I': 'u4',
'l': 'i4',
'L': 'u4',
'q': 'i8',
'Q': 'u8',
'e': 'f2',
'f': 'f',
'd': 'd',
'Zf': 'F',
'Zd': 'D',
's': 'S',
'w': 'U',
'O': 'O',
'x': 'V', # padding
}
_pep3118_standard_typechars = ''.join(_pep3118_standard_map.keys())
_pep3118_unsupported_map = {
'u': 'UCS-2 strings',
'&': 'pointers',
't': 'bitfields',
'X': 'function pointers',
}
class _Stream(object):
def __init__(self, s):
self.s = s
self.byteorder = '@'
def advance(self, n):
res = self.s[:n]
self.s = self.s[n:]
return res
def consume(self, c):
if self.s[:len(c)] == c:
self.advance(len(c))
return True
return False
def consume_until(self, c):
if callable(c):
i = 0
while i < len(self.s) and not c(self.s[i]):
i = i + 1
return self.advance(i)
else:
i = self.s.index(c)
res = self.advance(i)
self.advance(len(c))
return res
@property
def next(self):
return self.s[0]
def __bool__(self):
return bool(self.s)
__nonzero__ = __bool__
def _dtype_from_pep3118(spec):
stream = _Stream(spec)
dtype, align = __dtype_from_pep3118(stream, is_subdtype=False)
return dtype
def __dtype_from_pep3118(stream, is_subdtype):
field_spec = dict(
names=[],
formats=[],
offsets=[],
itemsize=0
)
offset = 0
common_alignment = 1
is_padding = False
# Parse spec
while stream:
value = None
# End of structure, bail out to upper level
if stream.consume('}'):
break
# Sub-arrays (1)
shape = None
if stream.consume('('):
shape = stream.consume_until(')')
shape = tuple(map(int, shape.split(',')))
# Byte order
if stream.next in ('@', '=', '<', '>', '^', '!'):
byteorder = stream.advance(1)
if byteorder == '!':
byteorder = '>'
stream.byteorder = byteorder
# Byte order characters also control native vs. standard type sizes
if stream.byteorder in ('@', '^'):
type_map = _pep3118_native_map
type_map_chars = _pep3118_native_typechars
else:
type_map = _pep3118_standard_map
type_map_chars = _pep3118_standard_typechars
# Item sizes
itemsize_str = stream.consume_until(lambda c: not c.isdigit())
if itemsize_str:
itemsize = int(itemsize_str)
else:
itemsize = 1
# Data types
is_padding = False
if stream.consume('T{'):
value, align = __dtype_from_pep3118(
stream, is_subdtype=True)
elif stream.next in type_map_chars:
if stream.next == 'Z':
typechar = stream.advance(2)
else:
typechar = stream.advance(1)
is_padding = (typechar == 'x')
dtypechar = type_map[typechar]
if dtypechar in 'USV':
dtypechar += '%d' % itemsize
itemsize = 1
numpy_byteorder = {'@': '=', '^': '='}.get(
stream.byteorder, stream.byteorder)
value = dtype(numpy_byteorder + dtypechar)
align = value.alignment
elif stream.next in _pep3118_unsupported_map:
desc = _pep3118_unsupported_map[stream.next]
raise NotImplementedError(
"Unrepresentable PEP 3118 data type {!r} ({})"
.format(stream.next, desc))
else:
raise ValueError("Unknown PEP 3118 data type specifier %r" % stream.s)
#
# Native alignment may require padding
#
# Here we assume that the presence of a '@' character implicitly implies
# that the start of the array is *already* aligned.
#
extra_offset = 0
if stream.byteorder == '@':
start_padding = (-offset) % align
intra_padding = (-value.itemsize) % align
offset += start_padding
if intra_padding != 0:
if itemsize > 1 or (shape is not None and _prod(shape) > 1):
# Inject internal padding to the end of the sub-item
value = _add_trailing_padding(value, intra_padding)
else:
# We can postpone the injection of internal padding,
# as the item appears at most once
extra_offset += intra_padding
# Update common alignment
common_alignment = _lcm(align, common_alignment)
# Convert itemsize to sub-array
if itemsize != 1:
value = dtype((value, (itemsize,)))
# Sub-arrays (2)
if shape is not None:
value = dtype((value, shape))
# Field name
if stream.consume(':'):
name = stream.consume_until(':')
else:
name = None
if not (is_padding and name is None):
if name is not None and name in field_spec['names']:
raise RuntimeError("Duplicate field name '%s' in PEP3118 format"
% name)
field_spec['names'].append(name)
field_spec['formats'].append(value)
field_spec['offsets'].append(offset)
offset += value.itemsize
offset += extra_offset
field_spec['itemsize'] = offset
# extra final padding for aligned types
if stream.byteorder == '@':
field_spec['itemsize'] += (-offset) % common_alignment
# Check if this was a simple 1-item type, and unwrap it
if (field_spec['names'] == [None]
and field_spec['offsets'][0] == 0
and field_spec['itemsize'] == field_spec['formats'][0].itemsize
and not is_subdtype):
ret = field_spec['formats'][0]
else:
_fix_names(field_spec)
ret = dtype(field_spec)
# Finished
return ret, common_alignment
def _fix_names(field_spec):
""" Replace names which are None with the next unused f%d name """
names = field_spec['names']
for i, name in enumerate(names):
if name is not None:
continue
j = 0
while True:
name = 'f{}'.format(j)
if name not in names:
break
j = j + 1
names[i] = name
def _add_trailing_padding(value, padding):
"""Inject the specified number of padding bytes at the end of a dtype"""
if value.fields is None:
field_spec = dict(
names=['f0'],
formats=[value],
offsets=[0],
itemsize=value.itemsize
)
else:
fields = value.fields
names = value.names
field_spec = dict(
names=names,
formats=[fields[name][0] for name in names],
offsets=[fields[name][1] for name in names],
itemsize=value.itemsize
)
field_spec['itemsize'] += padding
return dtype(field_spec)
def _prod(a):
p = 1
for x in a:
p *= x
return p
def _gcd(a, b):
"""Calculate the greatest common divisor of a and b"""
while b:
a, b = b, a % b
return a
def _lcm(a, b):
return a // _gcd(a, b) * b
def array_ufunc_errmsg_formatter(dummy, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
""" Format the error message for when __array_ufunc__ gives up. """
args_string = ', '.join(['{!r}'.format(arg) for arg in inputs] +
['{}={!r}'.format(k, v)
for k, v in kwargs.items()])
args = inputs + kwargs.get('out', ())
types_string = ', '.join(repr(type(arg).__name__) for arg in args)
return ('operand type(s) all returned NotImplemented from '
'__array_ufunc__({!r}, {!r}, {}): {}'
.format(ufunc, method, args_string, types_string))
def array_function_errmsg_formatter(public_api, types):
""" Format the error message for when __array_ufunc__ gives up. """
func_name = '{}.{}'.format(public_api.__module__, public_api.__name__)
return ("no implementation found for '{}' on types that implement "
'__array_function__: {}'.format(func_name, list(types)))
def _ufunc_doc_signature_formatter(ufunc):
"""
Builds a signature string which resembles PEP 457
This is used to construct the first line of the docstring
"""
# input arguments are simple
if ufunc.nin == 1:
in_args = 'x'
else:
in_args = ', '.join('x{}'.format(i+1) for i in range(ufunc.nin))
# output arguments are both keyword or positional
if ufunc.nout == 0:
out_args = ', /, out=()'
elif ufunc.nout == 1:
out_args = ', /, out=None'
else:
out_args = '[, {positional}], / [, out={default}]'.format(
positional=', '.join(
'out{}'.format(i+1) for i in range(ufunc.nout)),
default=repr((None,)*ufunc.nout)
)
# keyword only args depend on whether this is a gufunc
kwargs = (
", casting='same_kind'"
", order='K'"
", dtype=None"
", subok=True"
"[, signature"
", extobj]"
)
if ufunc.signature is None:
kwargs = ", where=True" + kwargs
# join all the parts together
return '{name}({in_args}{out_args}, *{kwargs})'.format(
name=ufunc.__name__,
in_args=in_args,
out_args=out_args,
kwargs=kwargs
)
def npy_ctypes_check(cls):
# determine if a class comes from ctypes, in order to work around
# a bug in the buffer protocol for those objects, bpo-10746
try:
# ctypes class are new-style, so have an __mro__. This probably fails
# for ctypes classes with multiple inheritance.
if IS_PYPY:
# (..., _ctypes.basics._CData, Bufferable, object)
ctype_base = cls.__mro__[-3]
else:
# # (..., _ctypes._CData, object)
ctype_base = cls.__mro__[-2]
# right now, they're part of the _ctypes module
return 'ctypes' in ctype_base.__module__
except Exception:
return False
class recursive(object):
'''
A decorator class for recursive nested functions.
Naive recursive nested functions hold a reference to themselves:
def outer(*args):
def stringify_leaky(arg0, *arg1):
if len(arg1) > 0:
return stringify_leaky(*arg1) # <- HERE
return str(arg0)
stringify_leaky(*args)
This design pattern creates a reference cycle that is difficult for a
garbage collector to resolve. The decorator class prevents the
cycle by passing the nested function in as an argument `self`:
def outer(*args):
@recursive
def stringify(self, arg0, *arg1):
if len(arg1) > 0:
return self(*arg1)
return str(arg0)
stringify(*args)
'''
def __init__(self, func):
self.func = func
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.func(self, *args, **kwargs)