transformations (clifford.transformations)

New in version 1.3.0.

This module may in future become the home for optimized rotor transformations, or non-linear transformations.

See the Linear transformations tutorial for an introduction to how to use parts of this module.

Base classes

clifford.transformations.Transformation

A callable mapping one MultiVector to another.

alias of Callable[[clifford._multivector.MultiVector], clifford._multivector.MultiVector]

class clifford.transformations.Linear(*args, **kwds)[source]

A transformation which is linear, such that for scalar \(a_i\), \(f(a_1 x_1 + a_2 x_2) = a_1 f(x_1) + a_2 f(x_2)\).

class clifford.transformations.FixedLayout(layout_src: clifford._layout.Layout, layout_dst: Optional[clifford._layout.Layout] = None)[source]

A transformation with a fixed source and destination layout.

Parameters
  • layout_src (Layout of S dimensions) – The layout from which this transformation takes multivectors as input

  • layout_dst (Layout of D dimensions) – The layout in which this transformation produces multivectors as output. Defaults to the same as the input.

Matrix-backed implementations

class clifford.transformations.LinearMatrix(matrix, layout_src: clifford._layout.Layout, layout_dst: Optional[clifford._layout.Layout] = None)[source]

Linear transformation implemented by a matrix

Transformations need not be grade preserving.

Parameters
  • matrix ((2**D, 2**S) array_like) – A matrix that transforms multivectors from layout_src with \(2^S\) elements to multivectors in layout_dst with \(2^D\) elements, by left-multiplication.

  • layout_src (Layout of S dimensions) – Passed on to FixedLayout.

  • layout_dst (Layout of D dimensions) – Passed on to FixedLayout.

See also

clifford.BladeMap

A faster but less general approach that works on basis blades

property adjoint: clifford.transformations.LinearMatrix

The adjoint transformation

classmethod from_function(func: Callable[[clifford._multivector.MultiVector], clifford._multivector.MultiVector], layout_src: clifford._layout.Layout, layout_dst: Optional[clifford._layout.Layout] = None)clifford.transformations.LinearMatrix[source]

Build a linear transformation from the result of a function applied to each basis blade.

Parameters
  • func – A function taking basis blades from layout_src that produces multivectors in layout_dst.

  • layout_src (Layout of S dimensions) – The layout to pass into the generating function

  • layout_dst (Layout of D dimensions) – The layout the generating function is expected to produce. If not passed, this is inferred.

Example

>>> from clifford import transformations, Layout
>>> l = Layout([1, 1])
>>> e1, e2 = l.basis_vectors_lst
>>> rot_90 = transformations.LinearMatrix.from_function(lambda x: (1 + e1*e2)*x*(1 - e1*e2)/2, l)
>>> rot_90(e1)
(1.0^e2)
>>> rot_90(e2)
-(1.0^e1)
>>> rot_90(e1*e2)
(1.0^e12)

See also

LinearMatrix.from_rotor

a shorter way to spell the above example

clifford.linear_operator_as_matrix

a lower-level function for working with a subset of basis blades

classmethod from_rotor(rotor: clifford._multivector.MultiVector)clifford.transformations.LinearMatrix[source]

Build a linear transformation from the result of applying a rotor sandwich.

The resulting transformation operates within the algebra of the provided rotor.

Parameters

rotor – The rotor to apply

Example

>>> from clifford import transformations, Layout
>>> l = Layout([1, 1])
>>> e1, e2 = l.basis_vectors_lst
>>> rot_90 = transformations.LinearMatrix.from_rotor(1 + e1*e2)
>>> rot_90(e1)
(1.0^e2)
>>> rot_90(e2)
-(1.0^e1)
>>> rot_90(e1*e2)
(1.0^e12)
class clifford.transformations.OutermorphismMatrix(matrix, layout_src: clifford._layout.Layout, layout_dst: Optional[clifford._layout.Layout] = None)[source]

A generalization of a linear transformation to vectors via the outer product.

Namely, given a linear transformation \(F(u) \to v\), this generalizes to the blades by outermorphism, \(F(u_1 \wedge u_2) \to F(u_1) \wedge F(u_2)\), and to the multivectors by distributivity.

Such a transformation is grade preserving.

See [DFM09] Chapter 4 for more information

Parameters
  • matrix ((D, S) array_like) – A matrix that transforms vectors from layout_src of size S to vectors in layout_dst of size D by left-multiplication.

  • layout_src (Layout of S dimensions) – Passed on to FixedLayout.

  • layout_dst (Layout of D dimensions) – Passed on to FixedLayout.

Example

We can construct a simple transformation that permutes and non-uniformly scales the basis vectors:

>>> from clifford import transformations, Layout
>>> layout = Layout([1, 1, 1])
>>> e1, e2, e3 = layout.basis_vectors_lst
>>> layout_new = Layout([1, 1, 1], names='f')
>>> m = np.array([[0, 1, 0],
...               [0, 0, 2],
...               [3, 0, 0]])
>>> lt = transformations.OutermorphismMatrix(m, layout, layout_new)

Applying it to some multivectors:

>>> # the transformation we specified
>>> lt(e1), lt(e2), lt(e3)
((3^f3), (1^f1), (2^f2))

>>> # the one deduced by outermorphism
>>> lt(e1^e2), lt(e2^e3), lt(e1^e3)
(-(3^f13), (2^f12), -(6^f23))

>>> # and by distributivity
>>> lt(1 + (e1^e2^e3))
1 + (6^f123)

Helper functions

clifford.transformations.between_basis_vectors(layout_src: clifford._layout.Layout, layout_dst: clifford._layout.Layout, mapping: Optional[Dict[Any, Any]] = None)clifford.transformations.OutermorphismMatrix[source]

Construct an outermorphism that maps basis vectors from one layout to basis vectors in another.

Parameters
  • layout_src (Layout) – Passed on to FixedLayout.

  • layout_dst (Layout) – Passed on to FixedLayout.

  • mapping – If provided, a dictionary mapping the ids of source basis vectors to the ids of destination basis vectors. For example, {1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 1} would permute the basis vectors of clifford.g3.

Example

See the tutorial on Working with custom algebras for a motivating example.